Infocube
Front Infocube, 1999–2004 Information on the faces of a solid you rotate. Infocube.net Ltd, Rickmansworth. Aimed at 3G handsets, PDAs and set-top boxes. What made it hard ▸
Right The interaction Drag anywhere on the solid to turn it. Momentum carries; release settles it square. Every face is live: hotspots, not pictures. Ping this hotspot
Back Then: 2004 J2ME MIDlet, no floating-point unit. Rotation in fixed-point integer maths. Roughly 200 KB of heap for everything.
Left Now: 2026 Six divs and one CSS 3D transform. The compositor draws it on the GPU. The browser hit-tests rotated faces for free.
Top Direct manipulation The object is continuously visible. You act on it physically, not by command. The effect is immediate and reversible. Shneiderman, 1983
Bottom Nesting A face could open a cube of its own. That is the hierarchy the whitepaper describes. One level is demonstrated here. Go a level down ▸
Drag the cube
Snap to face
Give it a spin
Reset view
◀ Back up a level
yaw 024° pitch −16° facing Front
Try this
Drag and let go — it carries on turning, then settles square to a face.
Click a hotspot while the cube sits at an angle. It still hits.
Drag hard and click mid-spin — a drag never fires a hotspot.
Follow the hotspot on the front face down into a nested cube.
Keyboard only: Tab to the cube, then ← ↑ ↓ →
— the keys push the cube the way a drag would, so
→ brings the left-hand face round.
Under the hood
Two numbers hold the whole state: yaw and pitch, in degrees.
Pointer movement adds to them directly — no gesture recogniser, no modes.
Release keeps the last velocity and decays it by 6% a frame.
The face you are looking at is found by rotating each face's normal
and taking whichever ends up pointing most nearly at you.
Built as a sketch of what the Infocube interaction model looks like with 2026 browser
primitives. Historical detail from the 2004 Infocube whitepaper (Infocube.net Limited,
Rickmansworth). “Direct manipulation” in the sense Ben Shneiderman gave it in 1983:
continuous representation, physical action instead of typed command, and an instantly
visible, reversible result.